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![]() In the personal computer operating systems MS-DOS and PC DOS, a number of standard system commands were provided for common tasks such as listing files on a disk or moving files. Some commands were built-in to the command interpreter, others existed as transient commands loaded into memory when required. Though they may seem complicated, one nice property of complex behaviors is that they are always composed of smaller behaviors. Over the several generations of MS-DOS, commands were added for the additional functions of the operating system. Complex Behaviors Example: Follow a defined path through an entire maze These are behaviors at the highest levels, such as navigating an entire maze. ![]() Debugger Displays There are several different debugger windows that can be used when the ROBOTC debugger is operational. ![]() In the current Microsoft Windows operating system a text-mode command prompt window can still be used. One of the commands is Set Next Instruction which allows you to change the currently executing point of your program to this selected line The pop-up menu is shown in the picture below. Some DOS commands carry out functions equivalent to those in a UNIX system but always with differences in details of the function. The command interpreter for MS-DOS runs when no application programs are running. When an application exits, if the command interpreter in memory was overwritten, MS-DOS will re-load it from disk. The command interpreter is usually stored in a file called "COMMAND.COM". Command robot -version So, we can see Robot Framework 3.0.4 is installed. It is a direct client of the Robot service, and communication is done through a WCF channel. Command pip install robotframework Once the installation is done, you can check the version of robot framework installed as shown below. The Robot Command Line Interface (UiRobot.exe) is a console application which can request to start jobs, and waits for their output. Some commands are internal and built-into COMMAND.COM, others are stored on disk in the same way as application programs. We will now use pip python package manager to install the robot framework and the command for it is as follows. ![]() When the user types a line of text at the operating system command prompt, COMMAND.COM will parse the line, and attempt to match a command name to a built-in command or to the name of an executable program file or batch file on disk. If no match is found, an error message is printed and the command prompt is refreshed. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Very easy to use, even for total beginners Lots of different tools and features to play around with Various payment plans and options to suit different users Web-based and can be used in your browser with no downloads needed If you pay for a premium plan, you'll get even more features and options, though it's worth noting that the free trial is very limited, with Powtoon branding on all your creations and just 100 MB of storage. It has a very simple, user-friendly interface and tons of tools and features for creating, enhancing, and adjusting your animations, as well as the ability to share them directly via Google Drive. ![]() Appealing to Fortune 500 companies and amateur animators alike, this is one of the easiest 3D animation apps out there. This web-based CGI and 3D animation program can run on almost any device in your favorite browser and provides you with a cloud-based platform you can use to create professional-looking animations for all sorts of uses. If you're looking for the best free 3D animation software that you can run directly in your internet browser, take a look at Powtoon. Price: Free version, Premium from $19/month Simple tools to create realistic static poses and animations Models created in MakeHuman can be imported into Blender for editing Intuitive and fast access to a large database of morphing targets ![]() Simple to use tool to create human characters The software is very popular for use as a prototyping tool for photorealistic humanoids. The app features multiple tabs for the different categories of character data such as body and facial features. The app allows you to model and animate, then export in various formats. MakeHuman is an application you can use to create 3D human characters. Eventually, the 3D animation tool was made open-source and available as a stand-alone application. The development of MakeHuman started off as a creation of a module for blender. Low-res effects, characters, props, and map Some features are as the engine it runs on is old Has the rendering power of a modern PC game engine Graph editor that supports pose-for-pose animation SFM uses a sophisticated engine to arrange assets, adjust motions, and blend animations Simple-to-use clip editor and motion editors that record, edit, and arrange shotsīetter image recognition. The tool lets you use game assets in the movie and vice versa. It is essentially game software in which you can create separate scenes as movie clips. This is the very tool that Valve used to create over 50 popular films and games, including Half-Life 2 and Team Fortress 2. Source Filmmaker, abbreviated to SFM, is a 3D animation software for PC that uses a Source Game Engine to create animated films. OS: Available for 32-bit versions of Windows XP, 7, and 10 only You can download the 3D animation program by following the link below. Robust camera restoration and VR rendering Powerful rendering support using GPU and CPU power Supports both auto and manual tracking for smoother 3D animations Use textured brushes and masking to create 3D surfaces and paintsĭownload and use add-ons and customized animation tools with Python scripting support If you look forward to creating award-winning 3D animations, the right 3D software to learn to use is Blender. These include texturing, body simulation and sculpting, video editing, rigging, composing, coloring, texturing, and 3D modeling tools.īlender is the all-in-one 3D animation tool that hobbyists can use to create 2-second animated memes, and professionals use it to design 3D architectural structures. Compared side-by-side, Blender may have even more tools than the full versions of some of the best-selling graphics software in the market. The plethora of 3D animation tools it comes with can be overwhelming. OS: Open-source project available for Windows, Linux, and Mac computersīlender is one of the most incredible open-source 3D animation tools you can use today. ![]() ![]() Vuze might not be as lightweight as others in this list, but its feature-packed approach will appeal to some It is probably a good idea to check similar settings in whatever client you are using. Note that the security researcher who discovered the flaw has hinted that other BitTorrents clients may also be vulnerable. If you don't use the remote web access feature, simply turn it off! Go to Preferences -> Remote and uncheck " Enable remote access." If you do use the remote web access feature, then change the default password to something secure. The current version of Transmission has already implemented a fix.Īlternatively, if you wanted to be sure, the flaw is easy enough to fix for yourself. Note that this is a proof of concept attack, and there has been no evidence of it being exploited in the wild. The flaw took advantage of lax security in Transmission's remote web access feature. In theory, this could allow them to completely take over the infected system. The Transmission VulnerabilityĪ security researcher discovered a flaw in Transmission that could allow hackers to execute malicious code on targets' computers. It is available for Windows, Mac OSX/macOS, Linux (many distros), FreeBSD, Gentoo, and more. Transmission is 100% free and open source. I have therefore decided to not let this problem affect Transmission's ranking in this 5 Best guide. I discuss this a little later in the article, but a patch is available, and the issue is very easy to fix yourself, anyway. Transmission has recently hit the headlines thanks to a vulnerability that can be exploited by hackers. These include RSS subscription tools and a Kodi plugin. It also supports optional add-ons that can expand its feature-set. Transmission features webseed support, BitTorrent protocol encryption, watch directories, tracker editing, global and per-torrent speed limits, and more. Although a very capable BitTorrent client, the main draw of Transmission is its beautiful user interface, complete with Growl notifications for Mac users.īut it's not all about looking pretty. Windows users can now also get in on the act. Transmission started life as a Mac and Linux-only BitTorrent client, where it built up a formidable reputation. Not much (vulnerability should be fixed by the time most of you read this).Transmission has overcome older problems to build a reputation for itself as a great torrent client For a more detailed look at this excellent software, including instructions on how to bind qBittorrent to your VPN interface, please check out 5 Best VPNs for qBittorrent. It is available for Windows, macOS, and Linux. ![]() You can search for torrents from within the client, and the built-in media player is handy. ![]() This includes BitTorrent protocol encryption, torrent prioritization, torrent querying, selective content download, torrent creation, remote access, and RSS subscription. ![]() There is no bloat with qBitTorrent!ĭespite this, qBitTorrent features just about everything most torrenters will need. This was a big factor in me making the change, as was qBitTorrent's lean-and-mean 100 MB or less install size (exact size depending on platform). QBitTorrent not only supports this feature, it makes it much easier to implement. It prevents the client downloading torrents when the VPN is not active. One reason I stuck with Vuze for so long is the ability to bind the torrent client to my VPN interface.Īlthough not strictly necessary if your VPN software features a kill switch, I have always appreciated this extra layer of security. QBitTorrent is the best torrenting client out there, being both open source and full of featuresĪs a long-term Vuze fan, it took quite something for this lightweight open source BitTorrent client to replace Vuze on my desktop. Take a look at what ProPrivacy considers the best of the best to torrent with: There are many BitTorrent clients out there to choose from and not all of them were built equal. ![]() ![]() Real-time credit card feeds on all business credit cards.Two-way integrations with accounting tools like Quickbooks, Netsuite, Xero, and SageĮxpense Categorization: Yes Benefits of Fyle.Expense tracking from daily apps like Slack, Gmail, Outlook, Slack, etc.Direct integrations with Visa and Mastercard for real-time transaction feeds.Ditch the time-consuming reconciliation process and get things done in under two minutes with Fyle! Fyle is Best For Employees receive instant SMS alerts about their transactions and can simply reply with a photo of the receipt, which Fyle will automatically match. With Fyle’s real-time credit card feeds, your expense system gets updated as soon as you swipe your card. Say goodbye to outdated bank feeds and manual statement uploads! Fyle is here to revolutionize your expense management workflow. Dual control, split knowledge key for account safety.Įxpense Categorization: Yes Benefits of ExpensifyĮxpensify offers different plans, and their prices are.Encryption ,HTTPS+TLS for web connection.Standards: SSAE 16, PCI-DSS compliance.It provides multi-level coding features.Multi-currency GPS for travel expenses.You can summarize your transaction according to the dates, maintain transparency in the partnership business, and easily collaborate with team members of the company. The app automatically generates your expenses report once you import your credit card transaction, and the expense tracker app is worth it. Direct professional support is missing.Įxpensify is an expense tracking and reporting app that makes it easy for businesses to manage their expenses with accounts and credit cards.Multi-currency features with transactions.Įxpense Categorization: Yes Benefits of Intuit QuickBooks.Time tracking for employees’ billable hours.Report generation with payment recording.Tracks incoming, outgoing expenses, and VAT.The app tracks your incoming and outgoing VAT, calculates your VAT, and generates your VAT report. It allows you to track your bill status, helps you manage and pay bills on time, and record the payments personal and business-related. Users can store data in the cloud securely, and you can easily keep track of your sales, accept credit cards, and calculate sales tax with Quickbooks accounting. QuickBooks is an online software for tracking your business income, expenses, customer invoices, and project profitability. Premium Plan: Costs $3 /user/ month (paid monthly).īest Employee Monitoring Software For Small Business(Low cost) 2.Feature to send billing reports to customers.Per diem rate for limiting employees’ expenditure.Users cannot log in from different IPs.Įxpense Categorization: Yes Benefits of Zoho Expenses.Proven Productivity Hacks For Business Owners How Safe is Zoho Expense App? ![]() As an employer, you can create an approval flow for your employees and approve and reject expenses with a single click. You can use your mobile phone to record, organize, and calculate total costs.Īfter the users enter expenses, the data automatically merges with similar costs, and the app calculates and stores receipts. Zoho Expense is expense monitoring software that tracks all your business, travel, and credit card expenses. It’s important to find the best one for your business organization among the various expense tracking applications available. ![]() Digital data receipts reduce paperwork.īest Expense Tracker Apps For Small Business.Expense tracking apps and accounting software are helpful, as they ![]() In such cases, expense tracking apps keep track of all your organization’s expenses. In business, tracking all expenses can be challenging this necessitates the use of business expense trackers.ĭepending on the situation, you may have to hire people to look after your financial activities, like business credit or business loans, which are costly. An organization must deal with several expenditures every day, which are hard to record. ![]() ![]() ![]() APR: The APR on your loan is the annual percentage rate, or cost per year to borrow, which includes interest and other fees.This rate is charged on the principal amount you borrow. Interest rate: An interest rate is the cost you are charged for borrowing money.When taking out any loan, it’s important to understand these four factors: Common types of unsecured loans include credit cards and student loans. Unsecured loans don’t require collateral, though failure to pay them may result in a poor credit score or the borrower being sent to a collections agency. In exchange, the rates and terms are usually more competitive than for unsecured loans. Common examples of secured loans include mortgages and auto loans, which enable the lender to foreclose on your property in the event of non-payment. There is a colored and black and white version.Secured loans require an asset as collateral while unsecured loans do not. Printable Feelings Wheel Feelings Wheel PDFįree feelings wheel printable PDF format. Use the wheel to explore your feelings and emotions during that period. You might go through a rough patch, a crisis, or a period during which you experience various emotions. It is a good opportunity to ask yourself what you experienced that day, how you felt, etc. You might practice daily reflection at the end of the day. It is most effective when you are actually feeling the emotions than when you are trying to remember how you felt a few hours, days, or weeks ago. If you are feeling emotions at any given moment and you have a copy of the feelings wheel with you, then take it out and use it there and then. When should you use the feelings wheel? At any given moment You can try to learn from the experience to see how you can do it differently next time. For example, if you feel jealousy, your kind inner voice can tell you that you are human and it is ok to experience negative emotions. In order to develop self-compassion, it is important to pay attention to the experiences that are present in order to take appropriate compassionate action ( source). Once you can identify the feelings and emotions you can work on healing yourself. “You cannot heal what you cannot feel” ( source). How does the feelings wheel benefit you? Identify, address and resolve feelingsĪfter you use the feelings wheel to identify the specific feelings and emotions you are experiencing at any given moment, you can then address and resolve them. It is important to accept your emotions even if they are negative and not repress them in an effort to force positive emotions ( source). The negative feelings in the inner band of the wheel are located on the exact opposite side of the wheel than the positive feelings. You can also use the black and white emotion wheel PDF which is cheaper to print than the color emotional wheel chart. That way you can write whatever you want and then wipe it clean to use it again. If you are going to write on the emotion wheel chart then you might consider laminating it. If you are going through a difficult period during which you experience many different emotions you can mark them all each time you feel a new emotion. Take out your copy of the wheel of feelings and either mark or find the emotion/s that best describe what you are feeling. In fact, you can even have positive and negative emotions at the same time. The emotions and feelings in the wheel can exist in many combinations. Since you can experience different emotions at the same time you might be looking for more than one emotion to describe your feelings. To print an additional copy, see the feeling wheel PDF version below. You can also keep a copy of the emotions wheel in your journal if you want to use it when writing about your feelings. It is much for effective to use it while you are feeling the emotion than later on after it passes when you might not recall exactly what you felt. ![]() You might want to carry a copy of the Gloria Wilcox feelings wheel with you for times you are feeling emotions you want to better understand. Are you hurt, feeling inadequate, humiliated, angry, or anxious? Each emotion will need to be addressed in a different way. ![]() For example, if you are feeling sad, you can use the wheel to describe the kind of sadness you are feeling. Once you can identify them, then you can address and resolve them. Use the feelings wheel to identify the specific feelings and emotions you are experiencing at any given moment. Since there are thousands of emotions, people often find it difficult to express their feelings. The feelings wheel helps people describe their feelings and identify their emotions with more accuracy. Gloria Willcox to help clients expand their emotion vocabulary. ![]() ![]() ![]() Alternatively, there are many online tools also available to extract the contents of a TAR file. There are multiple third-party tools available to open Tar files. ![]() It is a popular file archive format in Linux and Unix systems. TAR is the short form of Tape Archive which is also referred to as Tarball sometimes. TAR – Most Popular File Archive Format In Unix 7z format was the first file archive format that used LZMA. LZMA or Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm is an algorithm that is used for lossless data compression. 7z file format can be uncompressed using 7-zip or other third-party software. On the downside, it also requires additional software to uncompress the file. 7z format supports compressing files up to 16000000000 GB. 7z – A File Archive Format Offering High Compression ratioħz is an open-source file archive format that offers high compression ratio and uses LZMA as its default compression method. Most operating systems, including macOS and Windows, have in-built zip file opener software. One of the advantages of using ZIP format is that ZIP files can be opened without any external software. ZIP files, like other archive file formats, store files and folders in a compressed format. ZIP is another popular archive format used widely on the internet. If you don’t have a RAR extractor software (more on it below), you cannot view the content contained in it. RAR files can only be opened with special software that extracts the content of the file for you to use them. You can consider a RAR file as a briefcase containing other files and folders. A file with RAR extension is a compressed file containing more than one file or folders. zipx when using WinZip, its compression ratio is almost the same with 7-Zip.RAR (Roshal Archive), named after its developer Eugene Roshal, is one of the most popular file compression formats. But if you choose the advanced compression format. If you choose 7Z format instead of ZIP format using 7-Zip to compress files, 7Z format would have a much higher compression ratio than ZIP format.īased on test, to compress 1.5 GB of video files, 7-Zip delivers the highest compression rate, WinRAR comes as the second, while WinZip provides a compression ratio that is about 6% lower than 7-Zip. The ZIPX format has a higher compression ratio than ZIP. zip format when using WinZip for file compression. ![]() But the output format you choose can make a difference.įor instance, when you choose. 7-Zip vs WinRAR vs WinZip – Compression Rate and File SizeĪs for the compression rate and the output file size, 7-Zip, WinRAR and WinZip don’t differ too much. Offer a 21-day free trial, and many advanced versions to buy. You can try WinRAR for free with 40 days. WinZip: ZIP, ZIPX, RAR, 7Z, CAB, TAR, GZip, ISO, Z, XZ, LZH, BZ2, VHD, VMDX. WinRAR: RAR, ZIP, 7Z, CAB, ARJ, LZH, TAR, GZip, UUE, ISO, BZ2, Z, GZ, JAR, LZ, XZ, ZIPX, OO1. But only support unpacking RAR, AR, ARJ, CAB, CHM, CPIO, CramFS, DMG, EXT, FAT, GPT, HFS, IHEX, ISO, LZH, LZMA, MBR, MSI, NSIS, NTFS, QCOW2, RPM, SquashFS, UDF, UEFI, VDI, VHD, VMDK, WIM, XAR and Z file formats. Read More 7-Zip vs WinRAR vs WinZip – Supported File Formatsħ-Zip, WinRAR and WinZip all support RAR, ZIP, 7Z and some other archive file formats.ħ-Zip: Support packing and unpacking 7z, XZ, BZIP2, GZIP, TAR, ZIP and WIM file formats. Sometimes you need to transfer a bunch of files to colleagues or friends via email or other file transfer tools, you may utilize a file compression tool like the most popular 7-Zip, WinRAR or WinZip to compress all files into a single archive file and get a reduced file size for easy transfer.ħ-Zip vs WinRAR vs WinZip, which file compression tool is better? Which file compression software delivers the best compression ratio and the smallest file size while keeping the original quality? The post digs out some answers. 7-Zip vs WinRAR vs WinZip – Comparisons and Differences.7z archive file or any other file on PC, MiniTool software offers professional free data recovery software to help you easily recover deleted files and lost data from PC. file compression ratio, performance, etc. 7-Zip vs WinRAR vs WinZip, which one is better? What are their differences? Check the comparisons and differences of 7-Zip, WinRAR and WinZip below, incl. ![]() ![]() Montreal Cognitive Assessment for the detection of dementia. Examining the effects of formal education level on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Domain-specific accuracy of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment subsections in Parkinson’s disease. Avoiding spectrum bias caused by healthy controls. Diagnostic accuracy of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) for cognitive screening in old age psychiatry: Determining cutoff scores in clinical practice. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our editorial policy. Healthline has strict sourcing guidelines and relies on peer-reviewed studies, academic research institutions, and medical associations. ![]() Further research is needed, especially to determine the best score threshold for accurate dementia diagnosis, especially in primary care settings. MoCA has been subsequently adopted in clinical settings around the world and is widely used as a scale in academic and non-academic research. The authors say that the quality of the studies conducted on this topic wasn’t high enough to strongly recommend using the MoCA test for dementia diagnosis in various healthcare settings. MoCAalso known as Montreal Cognitive Assessment or The MoCA Testwas validated as a highly sensitive tool for early detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in 2000. Yet, using this cutoff also led to a significant number of incorrect results, with over 40% of people without dementia being mistakenly identified as having dementia. But other parts, like paying attention and using language, didn’t work as well.Ī 2021 review of seven studies found that, when practitioners used a score of less than 26 as a cutoff, the MoCA correctly detected more than 94% of people with dementia in different situations. ![]() The researchers found that some parts of the MoCA, like the executive function section that deals with planning and organization, were good at spotting concerns. This implies that while the MoCA can identify people needing more tests, it’s not ideal for diagnosing cognitive issues conclusively.Ī 2017 study looked at how well the MoCA works for people with Parkinson’s disease. In addition, when these results were compared to the performance of healthy individuals, the MoCA appeared to be more effective than it is in real clinical settings. Yet researchers note that its reliability for diagnosing these problems was limited. The test was able to confirm a typical ability to think and rule out severe issues like dementia. One study from 2020 assessed the MoCA’s effectiveness in detecting cognitive concerns among older adults in an outpatient mental health clinic. It appears to be particularly effective at identifying cognitive changes in individuals with higher education levels or when mild cognitive changes are the main focus of clinical attention.īut its accuracy can be influenced by factors such as the characteristics of the person being tested and the setting in which the test is administered. The accuracy of the MoCA test may vary depending on the specific context and population being assessed. ![]() ![]() Open the Registry Editor and navigate to the right folder. Retrieve Key from Previous Installation: If you had already installed and activated Microsoft Office 2013, there may be traces of the product key in the Windows Registry.It will then display their product keys, including the one for Microsoft Office 2013. Run the tool and it will scan your system for any installed Microsoft products. Use a Key Finder Tool: Download and install a key finder tool from a trusted website.Make sure to copy it exactly as it appears. The product key should be printed on the sticker. ![]() Check the Product Key Sticker: Start by looking for a sticker on your computer or the original packaging that came with your software.Exploring different methods to recover the Microsoft Office 2013 product keyĪre you in need of recovering your Microsoft Office 2013 product key? Here are some methods to help you out! Pro Tip: Store your product key in an encrypted file or use password management software for easy retrieval. Keep track of the key to avoid these issues and make the most of your software. Note: The product key is only valid for the individual user’s copy of Microsoft Office 2013. Providing the key is necessary for technical support. You can’t move the license to another computer without the key. If someone else obtains your key, they could install and activate the software on their device. You won’t be able to use all the features of the complete version. This means no access to Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. Without the key, activating the software is impossible. Losing or forgetting the product key for your Microsoft Office 2013 can be a real challenge. Explaining the issues with losing or forgetting the product key reminds us that mislaying or losing your Microsoft Office 2013 product key can be a huge problem. It shows you have a valid license and gives access to all the features of this powerful software. So, in short, the product key is essential for using Microsoft Office 2013. You should always get your product key from reliable sources, like authorized resellers or directly from Microsoft. It is important to note that obtaining a product key unethically is dangerous and may be illegal. These programs search your computer’s registry for any valid product keys associated with installed software. If you can’t locate your product key using these methods, you can try using a specialized software to get it back. It may be printed on a sticker or card included in the box, or sent to you in an email or on the website where you bought it. To find your product key for Microsoft Office 2013 you can check the documentation or digital download that came with your purchase. A valid product key lets you install and activate Office 2013 on your computer easily. It’s like a digital fingerprint, unlocking the complete range of features in the software. Without a valid product key, you can’t take advantage of the full potential of the software.Ī product key is a sequence of numbers and letters that proves you have a valid license for Microsoft Office 2013. These special codes are needed to turn on your copy of Office 2013 and let you use all its features. Product keys are key to the software world – including Microsoft Office 2013. Understanding the importance of a product key ![]() In response, tech enthusiasts and developers created solutions like third-party programs to make it easier for users to recover their Microsoft Office 2013 product key. Way back when Office 2013 was released, users experienced difficulty retrieving their product keys. It’s also important to be cautious when sharing personal information during the recovery process. However, ensure you download these tools from reliable sources, to avoid malware and other security risks. Secondly, third-party software programs exist to help you recover the key from your system’s Windows Registry or other storage locations. Firstly, you can check the documentation or email confirmation you received when you bought Office 2013 – your product key is likely included. Don’t panic if you’ve lost your Microsoft Office 2013 product key! There are ways to retrieve it. ![]() ![]() ![]() Praeovibos was a highly adaptable animal that appears associated with cold tundra ( reindeer) and temperate woodland ( red deer) faunas alike. The low-horned Praeovibos was present in Europe and the Mediterranean 1.5 million years ago, colonized Alaska and the Yukon one million years ago and disappeared half a million years ago. Unlike Euceratherium, which survived in America until the Pleistocene- Holocene extinction event, Soergelia was a lowland dweller that disappeared fairly early, displaced by more advanced ungulates, such as the "giant muskox" Praeovibos (literally "before Ovibos"). Euceratherium was larger yet more lightly built than modern muskoxen, resembling a giant sheep with massive horns, and preferred hilly grasslands.Ī genus with intermediate horns, Soergelia, inhabited Eurasia in the early Pleistocene, from Spain to Siberia, and crossed to North America during the Irvingtonian (1.8 million years to 240,000 years ago), soon after Euceratherium. The first well known muskox, the "shrub-ox" Euceratherium, crossed to North America over an early version of the Bering Land Bridge two million years ago and prospered in the American southwest and Mexico. Later migration waves of Asian ungulates that included high-horned muskoxen reached Europe and North America during the first half of the Pleistocene. Muskox ancestors with sheep-like high-positioned horns (horn cores being mostly over the plane of the frontal bones, rather than below them as in modern muskoxen) first left the temperate forests for the developing grasslands of Central Asia during the Pliocene, expanding into Siberia and the rest of northern Eurasia. The modern muskox is the last member of a line of ovibovines that first evolved in temperate regions of Asia and adapted to a cold tundra environment late in its evolutionary history. Fossil history and extinct relatives Euceratherium skeleton (missing its ribs) The vague similarity between takin and muskox is therefore an example of convergent evolution. Instead, the muskox's closest living relatives appear to be the gorals of the genus Naemorhedus, nowadays common in many countries of central and east Asia. While the takin and muskox were once considered possibly closely related, the takin lacks common ovibovine features, such as the muskox's specialized horn morphology, and genetic analysis shows that their lineages actually separated early in caprine evolution. It is one of the two largest extant members of the caprines, along with the similarly sized Takin Budorcas. It is therefore more closely related to sheep and goats than to oxen it is placed in its own genus, Ovibos ( Latin: "sheep-ox"). The muskox is in the subtribe Ovibovina (or tribe Ovibovini) in the tribe Caprini (or subfamily Caprinae) of the subfamily Antilopinae in the family Bovidae. In historic times, muskoxen primarily lived in Greenland and the Canadian Arctic of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, They were formerly present in Eurasia, with their youngest natural records in the region dating to around 2,700 years ago, with reintroduced populations in the American state of Alaska, the Canadian territory of Yukon, and Siberia, and an introduced population in Norway, part of which emigrated to Sweden, where a small population now lives.Įvolution Extant relatives Its Woods Cree names "mâthi-môs" and "mâthi-mostos" translate to "ugly moose" and "ugly bison", respectively. Its Inuktitut name "umingmak" translates to "the bearded one". This musky odor has the effect of attracting females during mating season. Native to the Arctic, it is noted for its thick coat and for the strong odor emitted by males during the seasonal rut, from which its name derives. The muskox ( Ovibos moschatus, in Latin "musky sheep-ox"), also spelled musk ox and musk-ox, plural muskoxen or musk oxen (in Inuktitut: ᐅᒥᖕᒪᒃ, romanized: umingmak in Woods Cree: ᒫᖨᒨᐢ, romanized: mâthi-môs, ᒫᖨᒧᐢᑐᐢ, mâthi-mostos), is a hoofed mammal of the family Bovidae. Ovibos pallantis Hamilton-Smith, 1827.Bosovis moschatus (Zimmermann, 1780) Kowarzik, 1911.Range map: blue indicates areas where muskox reintroduction has been attempted in the 20th century red indicates the previous established range. ![]() |
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